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The sustainable urban neighbourhood (SUN) is an urban design model which is part of 21st-century urban reform theory, moving away from the typical suburban development of the UK and US towards more continental city styles. It emerged in the UK in the 1990s, specifically from pioneering work by URBED (The Urban and Economic Development Group), an urban regeneration consultancy and research centre in Manchester.〔Rudlin, D. and Falk, N. (1999) ''Building the 21st Century Home: The Sustainable Urban Neighbourhood''. Oxford: Architectural Press.〕 This page looks at SUN theory, addresses the background to the emergence of the SUN, its defining characteristics, looks at a real life example, and finally outlines some criticisms of the concept. ==About the SUN== A SUN is a small-scale, urban area within a city that comprises social, economic and environmental sustainability. The term “SUN” is significant; ''sustainable'' relating to its longevity and reduced environmental impact, ''urban'' relating to its location and physical character, and ''neighbourhood'' constituting the social and economic wellbeing of the area.〔 The SUN concept is significant to UK urban design, as it is based on the actual experiences of living and working within a city and is located within existing towns and cities. It recognises that cities are inseparable from the historical processes that formed them and works with the complexity and disorder of existing urban areas, rather than proposing a radical new vision. Advocates claim it is the answer to anti-urban post-war planning principles that have fed urban decline.〔 The SUN concept is one of many urban theory models in the ongoing process of understanding what sustainable urban form actually is.〔Williams, K., Burton, E., and Jenks, M. (2000) ''Achieving Sustainable Urban Form''. London: E&FN Spon〕 SUN theory is broadly influenced by: * the smart growth movement of the US – a concept specifically opposed to urban sprawl, it advocates high density, mixed-use development, sustainable resource use, and open space conservation. It aims to foster a sense of community, a sense of place, and promotes denser residential development, housing being a significant part of the built environment.〔Danielsen, K., Lang, R., and Fulton, W. (1999) Retracting suburbia: smart growth and the future of housing, Housing Policy Debate 10:3, 513–540.〕 * the compact city arising from the European Commission’s Green Paper on Urban Environment〔Commission of European Communities (1990) Green Paper on the Urban Environment. Brussels.〕 – opposes the ‘dispersed city’,〔Brindley, T. (2003) The social dimension of the urban village: a comparison of models for sustainable urban development, ''Urban Design International'' 8:1, 53–65.〕 aiming to combat car dependency, CO2 emissions, energy consumption levels, and overall accessibility issues, it reuses existing infrastructure, promotes green space, and rejuvenates existing urban areas to produce a higher quality of life and dynamic sites of economic interaction.〔De Roo, G. (2000) Environmental conflicts in compact cities: complexity, decision-making, and policy approaches, ''Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design'' 27:1, 151–162.〕 It is more specifically influenced by: * the new urbanism movement (early 1980s US) – central concept is the importance of local place within the globalising world.〔Smith, N. (2002) New globalism, new urbanism: gentrification as global urban strategy, ''Antipode'' 34:3, 427–450.〕 It also refers to a coalition of innovative architects, developers and builders reacting to suburban sprawl and failed urban development by providing urban communities with culturally-diverse housing, easy access to work, play and schools, efficient transportation, and generally creating liveable urban areas.〔Katz, P. (1994) ''The New Urbanism: Toward an Architecture of Community''. Portland, OR: Vision.〕 * the urban villages movement (late 1980s UK) – originally relating to a dense node of development embedded in a wider pattern of dispersal, it has come to entail the repopulation and reintensification of existing cities by increasing densities.〔 The SUN is specifically linked to David Rudlin of URBED, involved in the redevelopment of the Hulme estate in Manchester. Similar ideas were subsequently applied throughout the local area and other parts of the city, facilitated by political intent to redevelop Manchester in the image of the European cities that had been visited as part of the city’s 1996 Olympic bid.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sustainable urban neighbourhood」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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